Analytical methods in DNA and protein adduct analysis |
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Authors: | Pertti Koivisto Kimmo Peltonen |
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Institution: | (1) Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland |
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Abstract: | DNA or protein adducts are reaction products of endogenous or exogenous chemicals and cellular macromolecules. Adducts are
useful in toxicological studies and/or human biomonitoring exercises. In particular, DNA damage provides invaluable information
for risk analysis. Second, metabolites or conjugates can be regarded as markers of phase II reactions though they may not
give accurate information about the levels of reactive and damage-provoking reactive compounds or intermediates. Electrophiles
are often short-lived molecules and therefore difficult to monitor. In contrast, adducts are often chemically stable, though
their levels in biological samples are low, which makes their detection challenging. The assay of adducts is similar to the
analysis of any other trace organic molecule, i.e. problems with the matrix and small amounts of analytes in samples. The
32P-postlabelling assay is a specific method for DNA adducts but immunochemical and fluorescence-based methods have been developed
which can detect adducts linked to both DNA and protein. Tandem mass spectrometry, particularly if combined with ultrahigh-performance
liquid chromatography, is currently the recommended detection technique; however investigators are striving to develop novel
ways to achieve greater sensitivity. Standards are a prerequisite in adduct analysis, but unfortunately they are seldom commercially
available. |
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