Direct analysis of trace elements in crude oils by high-repetition-rate femtosecond laser ablation coupled to ICPMS detection |
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Authors: | Ricard Estelle Pécheyran Christophe Sanabria Ortega Georgia Prinzhofer Alain Donard Olivier F X |
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Institution: | (1) LCABIE, IPREM UMR 5254, CNRS—Universit? de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, 64053 Pau cedex 9, France;(2) IFP, Direction G?ologie-G?ochimie, 1 et 4, Av.de bois Pr?au, 92852 Rueil Malmaison Cedex, France; |
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Abstract: | IR-femtosecond pulses were used at high repetition rates (up to 10 kHz) to ablate viscous crude oils for the determination
of trace elements by ICPMS. A special internal glass cap was fitted into the ablation cell to minimise oil splashes and remove
big particles that would be otherwise spread into the cell. Laser ablation in static and dynamic conditions (i.e. the laser
beam being moved rapidly at the surface of the sample) was studied together with some fundamental parameters like repetition
rate and fluence. Signal sensitivity and stability were found to be strongly affected by repetition rate and fluence, though
not in linear manner, and in some circumstances by the laser beam velocity. Sample transport efficiency was found to decrease
with increasing repetition rate, probably due to stronger particle agglomeration when increasing the density of primary particles.
ICPMS plasma atomisation/ionisation efficiency was also found to be affected to some extent at the highest repetition rates.
Moderate repetition rate (1 kHz), high fluence (24 J cm−2) and fast scanning velocity (100 mm s−1) were preferred taking into account signal intensity and stability. Sample transport elemental fractionation was also evidenced,
particularly as regards to carbon due to volatilisation of volatile organic species. Matrix effect occurring when comparing
the ablation of transparent (base oil) and opaque (crude oil) samples could not be completely suppressed by the use of IR
femtosecond pulses, requiring a matrix matching or a standard addition calibration approach. This approach provided good accuracy
and very low detection limits in the crude oil, in the range of ng g−1. |
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