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Sapphire shaped crystals for waveguiding,sensing and exposure applications
Authors:G.M. Katyba  K.I. Zaytsev  I.N. Dolganova  I.A. Shikunova  N.V. Chernomyrdin  S.O. Yurchenko  G.A. Komandin  I.V. Reshetov  V.V. Nesvizhevsky  V.N. Kurlov
Affiliation:1. Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia;2. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, 105005, Russia;3. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia;4. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia;5. Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, F-38042, France
Abstract:Second half of the XX century was marked by a rapid development of sapphire shaped crystal growth technologies, driven by the demands for fast, low-cost, and technologically reliable methods of producing sapphire crystals of complex shape. Numerous techniques of shaped crystal growth from a melt have been proposed relying on the Stepanov concept of crystal shaping. In this review, we briefly describe the development of growth techniques, with a strong emphasize on those that yield sapphire crystals featuring high volumetric and surface quality. A favorable combination of physical properties of sapphire (superior hardness and tensile strength, impressive thermal conductivity and chemical inertness, high melting point and thermal shock resistance, transparency to electromagnetic waves in a wide spectral range) with advantages of shaped crystal growth techniques (primarily, an ability to produce sapphire crystals with a complex geometry of cross-section, along with high volumetric and surface quality) allows fabricating various instruments for waveguiding, sensing, and exposure technologies. We discuss recent developments of high-tech instruments, which are based on sapphire shaped crystals and vigorously employed in biomedical and material sciences, optics and photonics, nuclear physics and plasma sciences.
Keywords:Sapphire shaped crystals  Stepanov concept  Edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) technique  Sapphire crystals with capillary channels  Sapphire waveguides and fibers  Terahertz optics  Sensing and exposure  Sapphire instruments for biomedicine  Neutronguides
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