Optical chemical sensors (Micro- and Nanosystems) for analysis of liquids

A number of peculiar analytical systems applied in production of detecting elements for chemical sensors were considered, in which organic reagents are immobilized on opaque and optically transparent polymeric matrices. Fibrous non-fabricated materials filled with powdered ion exchangers (Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences) and polymeric films coated with a high-purity gelatin layer (Mendeleev Russian University of Chemical Technology) were suggested as solidstate matrices. The conditions for determination of elements at MPC (maximal permissible concentration) levels were identified. Rapid, highly sensitive and selective techniques were developed for reflectance-spectroscopic determination of coexisting mercury(II), cadmium(II) and lead(II); chromium(VI), copper, and nickel; lanthanum, uranium(VI), and thorium, as well as for spectrophotometric determination of calcium, thorium, nitrite, and sulfate ions. Sensitive optical sensors suitable both for single control step and long-term monitoring of the content of the elements in water objects were proposed.