乾隆时期的云南边隘

乾隆时期，云南边隘为中国连接西南外域之交通扼要，用于保疆固圉，查验出入国（边）境的人员与货物，亦可作为军事据点，进行情报与反情报活动。为加强边备，乾隆朝对云南边隘进行查勘修葺，以云贵总督为首的各级边疆官吏更是对边隘时常巡阅。边疆官吏必须熟悉边隘情形，如违反边隘管理律例，则被题参革职。乾隆朝对驻防力量较弱的边隘增派兵丁，边地土司亦参与其中。战争期间，乾隆朝禁闭所有边隘，断绝与邻国的一切消息与贸易往来。瘴疠亦对边隘驻防有着严重影响。

The Border Passes of Yunnan Province in Qianlong Period

Yunnan border passes used to protect China and Chinese people from invasion were the connections to the Vietnam and Myanmar in Qianlong period. Yunnan border passes also had the functions of checking personnel and goods which entered or exited from China, arresting criminals, collecting taxes, and undertaking intelligence and counterintelligence activities. In order to strengthen the frontier defense, the Yunnan-Guizhou governors and all the border officials often repaired and inspected the border passes： The border officials must be familiar with the situation of border passes, and they would be dismissed and questioned if they violated management regulations of border passes. More soldiers were stationed if the garrison forces on border passes was weaker, even the hereditary chieftaincies. During the war, all the border passes were closed, and all the trades and connections were cut off. The miasma had a serious effect on the garrison forces, too. The camp had to retreat to the inland stationed while the miasma occurred in every spring. The management of border passes was too tight in middle-later stage of Qianlong dynasty so that it was really a failure, which showed the influence of closed-door policy of the Qing Dynasty on Yunnan border area.