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Transducers in medical ultrasound. Part 4: Transducer safety
Authors:P N Wells  N de Jong  N Bom  J Somer
Affiliation:1. Bristol General Hospital, Guinea Street, Bristol BS1 6SY, UK;1. Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands;2. Biomedical Center, University of Limburg, Beeldsnijdersdreef 101, 6216 EA Maastricht, The Netherlands;1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency, Boston, Massachusetts;2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;3. Division of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;4. Division of Emergency Ultrasound, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;1. School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey;3. Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA;4. Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;1. Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;2. Division of Infection Control/Hospital Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;3. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;1. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;2. University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California;3. The Children''s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;4. Saint Luke''s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri;5. University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin;6. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;7. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
Abstract:Transducer safety encompasses a wide spectrum of topics. It may range from mechanical construction reliability to biological effects created by ultrasound radiation. In this Paper the electrical and acoustical safety aspects are summarized and initial experience with sterilization of echocardiographic transducers for peroperative cardiac scanning is mentioned.
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