Analytical chemistry of the persistent organic pollutants identified in the Stockholm Convention: A review |
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| Authors: | Weiguang Xu Xian Wang Zongwei Cai |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China;2. College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People''s Republic of China |
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| Abstract: | Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are major environmental concern due to their persistence, long-range transportability, bio-accumulation and potentially adverse effects on living organisms. Analytical chemistry plays an essential role in the measurement of POPs and provides important information on their distribution and environmental transformations. Much effort has been devoted during the last two decades to the development of faster, safer, more reliable and more sensitive analytical techniques for these pollutants. Since the Stockholm Convention (SC) on POPs was adopted 12 years ago, analytical methods have been extensively developed. This review article introduces recent analytical techniques and applications for the determination of POPs in environmental and biota samples, and summarizes the extraction, separation and instrumental analyses of the halogenated POPs. Also, this review covers important aspects for the analyses of SC POPs (e.g. lipid determination and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)), and finally discusses future trends for improving the POPs analyses and for potential new POPs. |
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| Keywords: | AMAP, Arctic monitoring and assessment programme APCI, Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization BDE, Brominated diphenyl ether BFR, Brominated flame retardant CPE, Cloud point extraction CRM, Certified reference material DCM, Dichloromethane DDD, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane DDE, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene DDT, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DL-PCBs, Dioxin-like PCBs ECD, Electron capture detector ECNI-MS, Electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry EI, Electron ionization ESI, Electrospray ionization EU/CEN, European Union/Comité Europé en de Normalisation GC, Gas chromatography GC × GC, Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography GMP, Global monitoring plan HBCD, Hexabromocyclododecane HCB, Hexachlorobenzene HCH, Hexachlorocyclohexane HRMS, High resolution mass spectrometry ITMS, Ion trap mass spectrometry JIS, Japanese industrial standards LC, Liquid chromatography LRAT, Long-range atmospheric transport LLE, Liquid&ndash liquid extraction LOD, Limit of detection MAE, Microwave assisted extraction MS, Mass spectrometry NIST, National Institute of Standards and Technology OCP, Organic chlorinated pesticide PBDE, Polybrominated diphenyl ether PCB, Polychlorinated biphenyl PCDD, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin PCDE, Polychlorinated diphenyl ether PCDF, Polychlorinated dibenzofuran PCN, Polychlorinated naphthalene PFAS, Per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances PFCA, Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid PFOA, Perfluorooctanic acid PFOS, Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid PFOSF, Perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride PFSA, Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid PLE, Pressurized liquid extraction POPs, Persistent organic pollutants POPRC, Persistent organic pollutants review committee PUF, Polyurethane foam QA/QC, Quality assurance and quality control SC, Stockholm Convention SCCP, Short-chain chlorinated paraffins SFE, Supercritical fluid extraction SIM, Selected ion monitoring SPE, Solid-phase extraction SPMD, Semi-permeable membrane device SPME, Solid-phase microextraction TBBPA, Tetrabromobisphenol A UAE, Ultrasonic assisted extraction UNEP, United Nation Environment Programme UPLC, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography USEPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency WHO, World Health Organization |
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