关于热力学的几点新视角下的思考

为了准备2023年12月31日的跨年科学演讲，我又得以系统地阅读了一些热力学发展史上的经典文献。相比于2015年那次为了讲授热力学去浏览热力学文献，如今因为获取文献更加容易因此也就略全面了一些，个人对相关问题的理解也有了一点儿进步。在准备讲稿的过程中，对热力学这门比较年久的物理学基础学科有了几点新视角下的思考，粗略整理一下，就教于方家。

A retrospective view of thermodynamics

Based on a critical reading of the original papers that helped found thermodynamics, a retrospective view of thermodynamics is given concerning the often confusing reference to the concept of energy and internal energy, the appropriate combined statements of the first and the second laws of thermodynamics, etc. Also two new statements for the second law, and one new statement for the third law are obtained from the modern understanding of the topics. For example, the third law can also be stated thus: When the temperature approaches the absolute zero, the internal energy U for a thermodynamic system retreats into its energy E.