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Application of the Schulze–Hardy rule to haematite and haematite/humate colloid stability |
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| Authors: | Karen E. Verrall Peter Warwick Andrew J. Fairhurst |
| Affiliation: | a Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK b Research and Technology, British Nuclear Fuels plc, Springfields, Salwick, Preston, Lancashire PR4 0XJ, UK |
| Abstract: | The applicability of the Schulze–Hardy rule to haematite and haematite/humate mixtures has been investigated by measuring the rate of fast and slow coagulation after the addition of increasing concentrations of mono, di and trivalent ions. Haematite colloids follow the rule for mono, di and trivalent ions. Haematite colloids coated with humate generally follow the rule for mono and di valent ions with the exception of copper ions. Trivalent ions do not follow the Schulze–Hardy rule because of their relatively strong complexation with humate. The size of the counter ion has an effect on the de-stabilising ability of ions of the same charge. |
| Keywords: | Schulze–Hardy Haematite Colloids Humate Critical coagulation constants |
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