纳米材料的概述、制备及其结构表征

纳米材料在电子、光学、化工、陶瓷、生物和医药等诸多方面的重要应用而引起人们的高度重视。本文从以下3个方面加以论述。 一、纳米材料的概述:从分子识别、分子自组装、吸附分子与基底的相互关系、分子操作与分子器件的构筑,并通过具体的例证加以阐述,包括在STM操作下单分子反应;有机小分子在半导体表面的自指导生长;多肽-半导体表面特异性选择结合;生物分子/无机纳米组装体;光驱动多组分三维结构组装体;DNA分子机器。 二、纳米材料的若干制备方法和结构表征方法:制备方法包括:物理的蒸发冷凝法,分子束外延法(MBE),机械球磨法,扫描探针显微镜法(SPM)。化学的气相沉淀法(VCD),液相沉淀法,溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-gel),L-B膜法,自组装单分子层和表面图案化法,水热/溶剂热法,喷雾热解法,样板合成法或化学环境限制法及自组装法。 三、若干结构表征方法包括:X-射线法(XRD),扩展X射线精细结构吸收谱(EXAFS),X-射线光电子能谱(XPS),光谱法,扫描隧道显微镜/原子力显微镜(STM/AFM)和有机质谱法(OMS)。

Preparation and Structure Characterizations of Nanosized Materials

Science and technique of nanoscale materials have been interested in the important potential applications, such as electricity, optics, chemistry industry, ceramic, medicine and so on. A basic concept and outline to some nano-technology and a variety of preparations and structure characterizations of the nano-scale materials are reviewed in this paper. The concept and nano-technology include molecular cognition, molecular self-assembly, relation of the absorbent/substrate, molecular manipulation and architecture of molecular device, such as, self-directed growth of molecular nanostructure on silicon, selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nano-crystal assembly, hybrid organic-inorganic device(powering an inorganic nanodevice with a biomolecular moter), light-driven microfabrication assembly of multi-component, 3D structure by using optical tweezers and a DNA-fulled molecular machine made of DNA. These synthetic methods including MBE(molecular beam epitaxy), CVD(chemical vapor deposition), liquid phase deposition, Sol-Gel process, LB(Langmuir-Blodgett) film technology, self-assembly single-molecular layer approaches, hydrothermal and solvenothermal methods, spray deposition, STM/AFM (scanning tunneling microscopy/atomic force microscopy) and so on, are described. Some structure characterization methods of these nanoscale materials including XRD(X-ray diffraction), EXAFS (extended X-ray absorption fine structure), XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), IRS(infrared spectroscopy), Raman Spectroscopy, STM(scanning tunneling microscopy) and OMS(organic mass spectroscopy) are elucidated.