Refined Study of ECR Wave Propagation and Absorption in the Weakly Relativistic Plasma

The ECR wave heating is now a routine method for plasma heating and profile control in fusion devices and also in plasma applications. Theoretical study of ECR wave propagation and absorption began very early in 1950‘s. Basic theoretical work had accomplished in 1970～1980. For toroidal devices like the tokamak, the fundamental O-mode and X-mode with nearly perpendicular propagation were used very often. For pure O-mode and X-mode with kx=O,