Atom-solid 3p level binding energy shift of transition metals Cr,Mn, Fe,Co, and Ni

Binding energy shifts between atomic and solid phases for transition metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni have been obtained for 3p subshells from simultaneously recorded atomic vapor and solid state spectra. This experimental technique provides higher accuracy in comparison to separate measurements and allows direct determination of the shifts. The observed shift values are compared to values obtained using the semiempirical Born–Haber cycle method and the peak structures of the solid state photoelectron spectra are compared to atomic 3p spectra. The binding energy shift of Cr is found to be much smaller than that of the other studied elements.