Tuning of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for photocatalysis: A critical review |
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Affiliation: | 1. Laser Research Group, Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Mailbox 5047, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;2. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;3. Center for Renewable Energy Research, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria;4. K.A.CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia;5. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia;6. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Prince Naif bin Abdulaziz, Al Jamiah, Madinah 42351, Saudi Arabia;7. Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria;8. Higher Colleges of Technology, ETS, MZWC, 58855, Abu Dhabi, UAE;9. Chemistry Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Mineral, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia |
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Abstract: | Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a remarkable semiconductor catalyst that has attracted widespread attention as a visible light photo-responsive, metal-free, low-cost photocatalytic material. Pristine g-C3N4 suffers fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, low surface area, and insufficient visible light absorption, resulting in low photocatalytic efficiency. This review presents the recent progress, perspectives, and persistent challenges in the development of g-C3N4-based photocatalytic materials. Several approaches employed to improve the visible light absorption of the materials including metal and non-metal doping, co-doping, and heterojunction engineering have been extensively discussed. These approaches, in general, were found to decrease the material’s bandgap, increase the surface area, reduce charge carrier recombination, and promote visible light absorption, thereby enhancing the overall photocatalytic performance. The material has been widely used for different applications such as photocatalytic hydrogen production, water splitting, CO2 conversion, and water purification. The work has also identified various limitations and weaknesses associated with the material that hinders its maximum utilization under visible illumination and presented state-of-the-art solutions that have been reported recently. The summary presented in this review would add an invaluable contribution to photocatalysis research and facilitate the development of efficient visible light-responsive semiconducting materials. |
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Keywords: | Clean energy Clean water Graphitic carbon nitride Hydrogen production Photocatalysis Graphitic carbon nitride HOMO" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0055" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Highest occupied molecular orbital LUMO" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0065" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital AOPs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0075" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Advanced oxidation processes CB" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0085" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Conduction band VB" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0095" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Valence band CDs" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0105" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Carbon dots NIR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0115" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" near infra-red DFT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0125" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Density functional theory UV" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0135" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Ultraviolet UCPL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0145" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" up-conversation photoluminescence |
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