Toxic effects of imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor on Rana nigromaculata tadpoles: Growth,antioxidant indices and thyroid hormone-related endocrine system

Imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor have potential damage to nontarget aquatic organisms. However, limited information has been provided on their underlying toxicity effects on Rana nigromaculata tadpoles. Thus, the acute toxicity and chronic effects of imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor on R. nigromaculata tadpoles were studied. Acute toxicity indicted that 96 h for LC₅₀ values of  imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor were 173.55 and 427.37 mg/L, respectively. In this research, we explored antioxidant enzymes, some biological indexes, hormone levels and expression of relative tadpole genes involved in thyroid hormone-dependent metaplastic development after exposure for 28 days under 1/10 and 1/100 LC₅₀. Results showed an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the tadpoles, and a low bioconcentration level with a bioconcentration factor (BCFs) < 1. The impact on the development of tadpoles was induced by the breakdown of hormonal levels engaged in metamorphosis. According to the real-time PCR results, imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor delayed amphibian metamorphosis by modifying mRNA expression, indicating that imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor may have an endocrine-disrupting effect on R. nigromaculata tadpoles. These findings were indicative of the toxicity of imidacloprid and sulfoxaflor to R. nigromaculata tadpoles.