Biological sensors |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;2. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;3. Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;4. Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;5. Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;6. Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;7. Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;8. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;9. McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA;10. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;11. Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;1. London Business School, Sainsbury Building, Suite S331, Sussex Place, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4SA, UK;2. IESE Business School, Avenida Pearson, 21 08034, Barcelona, Spain;1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;2. Centre for Innovation in Medical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;1. Univ Bordeaux, Arts et Metiers ParisTech, I2M, CNRS, UMR 5295, F-33400 Talence, France;2. Université de Toulouse, INSA–Université Paul Sabatier, LMDC EA 3027, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France |
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| Abstract: | The biological senses of which we are most acurately aware, those of balance, hearing, touch, smell, taste and vision, are mediated by sensors directly connected to the nervous system. Signals generated by these sensors modulate voltage-impulse rate in individual nerve fibers, and are conducted in pulse-rate coded form to the spinal cord or the brain. The sensor devices themselves are integrated networks embodying transducers, amplifiers, adaptive filters and other elements, all in individual, microscopic packages. |
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