Electroforming in the Industry 4.0 Era

In the Industry 4.0 Era, big data and automation will require precise knowledge that allows one to control, monitor and predict a process. Electroforming, which is the fabrication of free-standing components using electrodeposition, is rapidly gaining acceptance as a sustainable additive manufacturing technology. However, current knowledge of electroforming is based on empirical data, and academic engagement in this area has been limited. This article throws light on some of the complex issues surrounding the electrochemical and chemical behaviour during electroforming, which are yet unresolved. The differences between cathodic reactions in sulfamates and sulfates, ambiguities related to the role of boric acid and paucity of data on anode reactions are highlighted.