Rapid prototyping of electrochemical energy storage devices based on two dimensional materials

Rapid prototyping methods such as additive manufacturing (three dimensional printing) and laser scribing have attracted much attention for manufacturing next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices because of their simplicity, low cost, medium throughput, and ability to prepare electrodes with unique form factors and multiple functionalities, such as stretchability, flexibility, and wearability. Of the wide array of potential active materials that can be used for energy storage, two dimensional materials such as graphene, MXenes, and MoS₂ have exceptionally high conductive surface areas and are attractive candidates for printing thick, high loading supercapacitors and batteries. In this brief review, we highlight recent progress and major challenges which must be overcome to make these manufacturing approaches and the resulting printed devices commercially viable.