Sonophotocatalytic inactivation of E. coli using ZnO nanofluids and its mechanism |
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| Institution: | 1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing 100083, PR China;2. School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China;1. Department of Food Studies and Environmental Health, University of Malta, Msida, Malta;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta;3. Department of Chemical Engineering BioTeC – Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Gent, Belgium;1. Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy;2. School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK;1. Environment Science and Engineering College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China;3. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China;1. School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand;2. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand;3. Institute of Food and Agricultural Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 10088, China;4. School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia |
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| Abstract: | The present study evaluated inactivation efficiency of a sonophotocatalytic process using ZnO nanofluids including ultrasonic parameters such as power density, frequency and time. The result showed that inactivation efficiency was increased by 20% when ultrasonic irradiation was combined with photocatalytic process in the presence of natural light. Comparison of inactivation efficiency in photocatalytic, ultrasonic and sonocatalytic processes using Escherichia coli as a model bacteria identified that inactivation efficiencies are shown in the following order: ultrasonic irradiation < sonocatalysis < photocatalysis < sonophotocatalysis. Furthermore, inactivation mechanism of sonophotocatalysis was proposed. Studies of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and zinc ions (Zn2+) release evaluation revealed that ROS play a key role in bacterial inactivation rather than Zn2+. Permeability of outer membrane (OM) and inner membrane (IM) of E. coli bacterial cells were studied and exhibited that sonophotocatalysis increased the permeability of OM and IM significantly. The enhanced bacterial inactivation effect in sonophotocatalytic process contributed to acoustic cavitation, sonocatalysis of ZnO and sonoporation phenomenon. |
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| Keywords: | ZnO Nanoparticles Inactivation Sonophotocatalytic Ultrasonic irradiation Inactivation mechanism |
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