Effect of ultrasonic waves on the water turbidity during the oxidation of phenol. Formation of (hydro)peroxo complexes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India;2. Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India;3. Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India;1. Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 690-735, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea;1. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt;2. Central Lab of El-Gharbia Water and Wastewater Company, Tanta, Egypt;3. Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt;1. Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra Senés km 4, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain;2. CIESOL, Joint Centre of the University of Almería-CIEMAT, 04120, Almería, Spain;1. School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;2. Cryogenic Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India;3. Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India |
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| Abstract: | Analysis of the kinetics of aqueous phenol oxidation by a sono-Fenton process reveals that the via involving ortho-substituted intermediates prevails: catechol (25.0%), hydroquinone (7.7%) and resorcinol (0.6%). During the oxidation, water rapidly acquires color that reaches its maximum intensity at the maximum concentration of p-benzoquinone. Turbidity formation occurs at a slower rate. Oxidant dosage determines the nature of the intermediates, being trihydroxylated benzenes (pyrogallol, hydroxyhydroquinone) and muconic acid the main precursors causing turbidity.It is found that the concentration of iron species and ultrasonic waves affects the intensity of the turbidity. The pathway of (hydro)peroxo-iron(II) complexes formation is proposed. Operating with 20.0–27.8 mg Fe2+/kW rates leads to formation of (hydro)peroxo-iron(II) complexes, which induce high turbidity levels. These species would dissociate into ZZ-muconic acid and ferrous ions.Applying relationships around 13.9 mg Fe2+/kW, the formation of (hydro)peroxo-iron(III) complexes would occur, which could react with carboxylic acids (2,5-dioxo-3-hexenedioic acid). That reaction induces turbidity slower. This is due to the organic substrate reacting with two molecules of the (hydro)peroxo complex. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the iron regeneration, intensifying the ultrasonic irradiation. Afterwards, this complex would dissociate into maleic acid and ferric ions. |
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| Keywords: | Reaction pathway (Hydro)peroxo-iron complexes Phenol Sono-Fenton Turbidity |
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