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Synergetic effects of ultrasound and slightly acidic electrolyzed water against Staphylococcus aureus evaluated by flow cytometry and electron microscopy
Institution:1. Department of Food Studies and Environmental Health, University of Malta, Msida, Malta;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta;3. Department of Chemical Engineering BioTeC – Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Gent, Belgium;1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, Beijing 100083, PR China;2. School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China;1. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;2. Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
Abstract:This study evaluated the synergetic effects of ultrasound and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) on the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus using flow cytometry and electron microscopy. The individual ultrasound treatment for 10 min only resulted in 0.36 log CFU/mL reductions of S. aureus, while the SAEW treatment alone for 10 min resulted in 3.06 log CFU/mL reductions. The log reductions caused by combined treatment were enhanced to 3.68 log CFU/mL, which were greater than the sum of individual treatments. This phenomenon was referred to as synergistic effects. FCM analysis distinguished live and dead cells as well as revealed dynamic changes in the physiological states of S. aureus after different treatments. The combined treatment greatly reduced the number of viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria to 0.07%; in contrast, a single ultrasound treatment for 10 min induced the formation of VBNC cells to 45.75%. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that greater damage to the appearance and ultrastructure of S. aureus were achieved after combined ultrasound-SAEW treatment compared to either treatment alone. These results indicated that combining ultrasound with SAEW is a promising sterilization technology with potential uses for environmental remediation and food preservation.
Keywords:Synergetic effects  Ultrasound  Slightly acidic electrolyzed water  Flow cytometry  Electron microscopy
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