Bioaccessiblity features of particulate bound toxic elements: Review of extraction approaches,concentrations and health risks |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, Chhattisgarh, India;2. GeoBioTec, Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro Santiago Campus, Portugal, EpiUnit, Public Health Institute, University of Porto, Portugal;3. Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Chemistry, Government Eklavya College, Dondi-Lohara, Balod, Chhattisgarh, India;5. Department of Community Medicine, Raipur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India |
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| Abstract: | For a better and accurate risk assessment of metal toxicity, the concentration of the bioaccessible fraction (BAF) is more relevant than the total metal concentration. This review describes different extraction methods with different leaching agents for various chemical forms of elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in ambient particulate matter (APM). Several leaching agents simulating the human body fluids have been developed to determine the bioaccessible metal fractions in APM. This study aims to enhance the knowledge of the bioaccessible concentrations and its impact on human health, documented for different locations worldwide. Furthermore, this study disclosed that confined observations have been found concerning the application and evolution of standard methods for the estimation of biologically relevant elements in ambient particulate matter. This review also revealed that human body simulated fluids like lung and gastric fluids, on comparing to water, provide more realistic values of bioaccessible fractions of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in assessing human health risks. |
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| Keywords: | Metal toxicity Bioaccessible fraction Risk assessment Human health Biologically relevant elements Leaching agents |
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