Insect cold hardiness: a Canadian perspective

The cold climates and diverse environments of Canada have allowed key studies of insect cold hardiness that developed and widened the understanding of this subject. For example, freezing tolerance, chilling tolerance, freezing resistance, supercooling, cryoprotectants and other features can be combined in many different ways, reflecting a wide range of adaptations. Many other factors interact with and influence cold hardiness, such as habitats and their selection, and water and energy balances. These findings suggest several topics that would be especially fruitful for further study in northern Canada.