Real-time measurements,rare events and photon economics |
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Authors: | B Jalali DR Solli K Goda K Tsia and C Ropers |
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Institution: | 1.Photonics Laboratory,Los Angeles,USA;2.Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong,China;3.Courant Res. Center Nano-Spectrosc. & X-Ray Imaging, Georg-August-Univ. G?ttingen,G?ttingen,Germany |
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Abstract: | Rogue events otherwise known as outliers and black swans are singular, rare, events that carry dramatic impact. They appear
in seemingly unconnected systems in the form of oceanic rogue waves, stock market crashes, evolution, and communication systems.
Attempts to understand the underlying dynamics of such complex systems that lead to spectacular and often cataclysmic outcomes
have been frustrated by the scarcity of events, resulting in insufficient statistical data, and by the inability to perform
experiments under controlled conditions. Extreme rare events also occur in ultrafast physical sciences where it is possible
to collect large data sets, even for rare events, in a short time period. The knowledge gained from observing rare events
in ultrafast systems may provide valuable insight into extreme value phenomena that occur over a much slower timescale and
that have a closer connection with human experience. One solution is a real-time ultrafast instrument that is capable of capturing
singular and randomly occurring non-repetitive events. The time stretch technology developed during the past 13 years is providing
a powerful tool box for reaching this goal. This paper reviews this technology and discusses its use in capturing rogue events
in electronic signals, spectroscopy, and imaging. We show an example in nonlinear optics where it was possible to capture
rare and random solitons whose unusual statistical distribution resemble those observed in financial markets. The ability
to observe the true spectrum of each event in real time has led to important insight in understanding the underlying process,
which in turn has made it possible to control soliton generation leading to improvement in the coherence of supercontinuum
light. We also show a new class of fast imagers which are being considered for early detection of cancer because of their
potential ability to detect rare diseased cells (so called rogue cells) in a large population of healthy cells. |
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