Characteristics of the series resonant-frequency shift of a quartz crystal microbalance in electrolyte solutions

We report the novel characteristics of the series resonant-frequency shift, DeltaF, of a one-face sealed quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in solutions of monovalent electrolytes and divalent electrolytes. In the present study, we used NaCl, KCl, LiCl, NaNO3 and CH3COONa as monovalent electrolytes, and MgCl2, CaCl2, MgSO4 and Na2SO4 as divalent electrolytes. These experiments reveal that, in all the solutions, the DeltaF values vary linearly with an increase in the square root of the density-viscosity product of the solutions, and the immersion angle dependence of DeltaF appears. Moreover, we have found that the intercept values of DeltaF are dependent only on the cation species, and that the slope values of DeltaF with the viscosity and density of the solutions are related only to the valence of ions. We also suggest that the DeltaF values are independent of anion species, conductivity and permittivity of the solutions.