Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry as a tool in metabolism studies—A review |
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Authors: | Helene FaberAuthor Vitae Martin VogelAuthor VitaeUwe Karst |
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Affiliation: | Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstr. 30, Münster 48149, Germany |
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Abstract: | The combination of electrochemistry (EC) and mass spectrometry (MS) has become a more and more frequently used approach in metabolism studies in the last decade. This review provides insight into the importance of metabolism studies during the drug development process and gives a short overview about the conventionally used methods since electrochemistry is often intended to substitute or minimize animal-based studies. The optimization of the electrochemical conditions is of great importance for a successful comparison with in vitro approaches. The type of metabolism reactions, which can be simulated by EC, has been extended with new cell types and working electrodes. Although the mechanism differs from the enzyme-catalyzed turnover, electrochemistry can be used to simulate a significant number of the respective reactions. |
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Keywords: | ACN, acetonitrile ADME, adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion Ag/AgCl/Cl, silver/silver chloride, reference electrode APAP, acetaminophen, paracetamol APPI, atmospheric pressure photoionization AQ, amodiaquine AQQI, amodiaquinequinone imine AUX, auxiliary electrode, counter electrode BDD, boron-doped diamond CA, carbonic anhydrase CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes CYS, cysteine DHP, dihydropyridinium ion DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid EC, electrochemistry EC/MS, electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry ESI, electrospray ionization EU, European Union FA, formic acid FT-MS, Fourier transform-mass spectrometer GC, glassy carbon GSH, glutathione GST, glutathione-S-transferase HLM, human liver microsomes HSA, human serum albumin HV, high voltage LGA, β-lactoglobulin A LV, low voltage NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine NAT, N-acetyltransferase Q, quadrupole REF, reference electrode RLM, rat liver microsomes ROS, reactive oxygen species S9, a liver tissue homogenate fraction SHE, standard hydrogen electrode SRM, selected reaction monitoring TCL, ticlopidine TSP, thermospray TP, thienopyridinium ion UDP, uridine diphosphate UGT, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase WE, working electrode |
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