Evidence for direct observation by Mössbauer spectroscopy of surface tin atoms in platinum–tin particles

The diamond-bearing gravels found along South Africa's West Coast are being beneficiated by means of dense medium separation (DMS) to reclaim the alluvial diamonds. Granular ferrosilicon (Fe–Si) is used as the DMS material and at the end of each operation the Fe–Si is reclaimed from the process stream using a magnetic separator and is then recycled but losses of Fe–Si due to attrition, adhesion to the separation products, density changes and changes to the magnetic properties can occur. The gravel obtained from the mining operation is washed and screened before heavy mineral separation. The concentrate, tailings and Fe–Si samples were investigated by means of SEM and Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine where changes to the Fe–Si, or contamination could occur. The composition of the Fe–Si was determined to be Fe (76.1 at.%), Si (20.3 at.%), Mn (1.5 at.%), Al (1.5 at.%) and Cr (0.6 at.%) resulting in a more or less ordered DO₃ phase with a calculated composition of Fe₃Si for this Fe–Si, consistent with the Mössbauer results where two sextets with hyperfine magnetic fields of 18.6 T and 28.4 T were observed. After DMS, magnetite and ilmenite, the minerals found in the gravel, were still present in the concentrate. In the tailings virtually no magnetite or ilmenite was found and only a doublet, identified as an oxihydroxide, due to the abrasion of the Fe–Si, was found. After magnetic separation, to wash and clean the Fe–Si for re-use, it was found that magnetite and ilmenite were still present in the Fe–Si, which results in a change in density of the Fe–Si, resulting in a higher density and loss of valuable diamonds.