Rate of heat release measurement using the Cone Calorimeter |
| |
Authors: | J P Redfern |
| |
Institution: | (1) PL Thermal Sciences Ltd., USA |
| |
Abstract: | The rate of heat release is the most important parameter for characterising an unwanted fire. The oxygen consumption principle has accelerated the development and use of equipment of measure rate of heat release. The Cone Calorimeter is the most significant of small scale instruments in this field. The paper describes the apparatus and theory. Applications including correlation with large scale fire tests are discussed.
Zusammenfassung Bei der Charakterisierung von Feuerfällen ist die Wärmefreisetzungsgeschwindigkeit der wichtigste Parameter. Durch das Sauerstoffverbrauchsprinzip wurde die Entwicklung und Anwendung einer Vorrichtung zur Messung von Wärmefreisetzungsgeschwindigkeiten beschleunigt. Das bedeutendste an Meßgeräten mit kleinem Meßbereich auf diesen Gebeit ist das Cone-Kalorimeter. Es werden hier Apparat und Theorie beschrieben. Anwendungen sowie der Vergleich mit Feuertests bei größerem Meßbereich werden beschrieben.
![Rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1056.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1079.gif) ![yucy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1102.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![Scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1057.gif) ![kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![zhcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1078.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1075.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1048.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![tscy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![khcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1093.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1076.gif) ![kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ucy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1082.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1100.gif) ![zcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1079.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![dcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1076.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1099.gif) ![dcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) . ![Kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1050.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1050.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![yacy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1103.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![bcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![zhcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1078.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1099.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1075.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1073.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) . ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![softcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ycy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) . ![Ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1054.gif) ![bcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1073.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ucy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1091.gif) ![zhcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1078.gif) ![dcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1082.gif) ![lcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yucy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1102.gif) ![chcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![vcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1091.gif) ![pcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1089.gif) ![shcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1096.gif) ![tcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![bcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ncy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1099.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zhcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1078.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/lpq0l14628810414/xxlarge1084.gif) .
|
| |
Keywords: | |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |