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Hopping and tunneling transport over a wide temperature range in chemically synthesized doped and undoped polypyrrole
Authors:Manish Taunk  Atul Kapil  Subhash Chand
Affiliation:1. Babol University of Technology, P.O. Box 484, Babol, Iran;2. Chemical Engineering Department, Shomal University, P.O. Box 731, Amol, Iran;1. School of Physical Sciences, Solapur University, Solapur 413255, India;2. Laboratory for Building Science and Technology, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf 8600, Switzerland;3. Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Thun 3600, Switzerland;4. Centre for Materials for Electronic Technology (C-MET), Pune 411008, India;1. School of Physics, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0430, USA;2. Institute for Advanced Materials Devices and Nanotechnology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;4. RAMIS/SPCSI/LENSIS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;5. Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy;1. School of Physics, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India;2. Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre IFM-Linköpings Universitet, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;1. Laboratoire MSTI, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d’Agadir, BP 33/S Agadir, Morocco;2. Université Hassan II – Mohammedia, Faculté des Sciences Ben M’sik, Avenue Colonel Driss El Harti, B.P.7955, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco;3. School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Abstract:Polypyrrole was synthesized by the chemical oxidation method in the presence of phosphoric acid by varying oxidant to monomer molar ratio for the optimization of electrical conductivity. The conductivity in doped polypyrrole reached up to a maximum value of 9.18 S/cm. Granular morphology was observed in chemically synthesized polypyrrole. Neutralization of doped polypyrrole was done with aqueous ammonium hydroxide and three orders of reduced conductivity were obtained in neutral polypyrrole. Doped and undoped samples of polypyrrole were then electrically characterized over a wide temperature range of 10–300 K. The measured electrical conductivity rises with the increase in temperature and shows the semiconducting nature of the material. Strong and weak temperature dependence of conductivity was revealed by undoped and doped polypyrrole samples respectively. An effort has been made to explore the electrical transport in doped and undoped polypyrrole by charge transport models. The experimental data obeys Kivelson’s hopping model in temperature range of 60–300 K and fluctuation assisted tunneling was the dominant conduction mechanism below 60 K.
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