The effects of trace elements on the crystal properties of TiO2 |
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| Institution: | 1. Nanotechnology Research Centre, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia;2. Department of Physics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia;3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia;4. NANO-ElecTronic Centre (NET), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;5. NANO-SciTech Centre (NST), Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia;6. Microelectronic and Nanotechnology?Shamsuddin Research Centre (MiNT-SRC), Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia;1. Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China;2. Key Laboratory of MEMS of The Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China;3. Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;4. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;5. College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China;6. College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;1. Physics Department, Sciences Faculty for Girls, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Physics, Arab-American University, Jenin, West Bank, Palestine;3. Group of Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Atilim University, 06836 Ankara, Turkey;1. Functional Nanotechnology Devices Laboratory, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;4. Wireless and Photonics Networks, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | The effects of trace element doping of TiO2 on the crystal growth and on the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation of TiO2 were investigated. The co-precipitation process, from sulfate solution, of doped (Cr, Fe, V, Nb, Si, P) TiO2 was also studied. The heating temperatures were 473, 673, 873, 993, 1133 K and a higher temperature needed to achieve a rutile content of 98–99%. Traces of reduced titanium were found in freshly calcined anatase by X-ray diffraction. Pure anatase structure was found in 85% of the samples heated below 1000 K. Anatase-to-rutile transformation was accelerated by the mmol% content of Nb, Cr, Si, and Fe in TiO2. Interaction of co-precipitated or impregnated cations was found critical in the phase transformation process. Nb retarded the crystal growth during calcination. Sulfate ions minimized the specific surface area of TiO2 heated at low temperatures. These results of doped TiO2 serve to promote the development of new high-technology TiO2 products for photocatalytic purposes. |
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