Thermogravimetric investigation of the kinetics and thermodynamics of dehydration of amorphous silica |
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Authors: | G P Panasyuk G P Budova V B Lazarev |
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Institution: | (1) Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Moscow, USSR |
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Abstract: | Several commercial and laboratory-synthesized specimens of silica gel have been studied, using thermogravimetry. Two forms of adsorbed water have been found: the first form, which evaporates in the temperature range 100–200°, is polymolecular water layer in open pores and loosely-bonded molecules on the surface and in the bulk of the globules; the second form, which evaporates in the temperature range 200–700°, comprises water molecules hydrogen-bonded to silanol groups, and evidently coordinated to silicon atoms. The dehydration heat of the first form, determined from the DTA curves, depends on the ratio of the two forms, and varies from 3.7±0.6 kcal/mole H2O for coarse-grain silica gel produced at pH=7 to 12±1 kcal/mole H2O for fine-grain silica gel of commercial chromatography grade.The activation energy of evaporation of water determined from the TG curves is about 10 kcal/mole in the temperature range 150–200°.
Zusammenfassung Verschiedene handelsüblich und im Laboratorium synthetisierte Proben von Kieselgel wurden durch Thermogravimetrie untersucht. Zwei Formen von adsorbiertem Wasser wurden gefunden: die erste im Temperaturbereich von 100 bis 200° entweichende, ist eine polymolekulare Wasserschicht in offenen Poren und lose gebundenen Molekülen an der Oberfläche und in der Masse der kugelförmigen Teilchen; die andere Form, welche im Temperaturbereich von 200 bis 700° verflüchtigt wird, besteht aus Wassermolekülen, die durch Stickstoffbindungen an Silanolgruppen und offensichtlich koordinativ an Siliziumatome gebunden sind. Die aus den DTA-Kurven ermittelte Dehydratisierungswärme der ersten Gruppe hängt vom Verhältnis der beiden Formen ab und variiert von 3.7±0.6 kcal/Mol H2O für grobkörniges Kieselgel, das bei pH=7 hergestellt wird, bis zu 12±1 kcal/Mol H2O für feinkörniges Kieselgel der handelsüblichen »chromatographischen« Qualität.Die aus den TG-Kurven ermittelte Aktivierungsenergie der Verflüchtigung des Wassers beträgt im Temperaturbereich von 150 bis 200° etwa 10 kcal/Mol.
Résumé Plusieurs échantillons de gels de silice commerciaux et synthétisés au laboratoire ont été étudiés par TG. Deux formes d'eau adsorbée ont été mises en évidence: la premiè re s'évapore entre 100 et 200° et consiste en une couche d'eau polymoléculaire dans les pores ouverts et à l'intérieur des globules; la seconde forme s'évapore entre 200 et 700° consiste en molécules d'eau liées par ponts d'hydrogène à des groupes silanol et, évidemment, par des liaisons de coordination aux atomes de silice. La chaleur de déshydratation de la première forme, déterminée à partir des courbes ATD, dépend de la proportion des deux formes et varie depuis 3.7±0.6 kcal/mole pour le gel de silice à gros grains produit à pH-7 jusqu'à 12±1 kcal/mole H2O pour le gel de silice à grains fins de qualité commerciale «pour Chromatographie».L'énergie d'activation de l'évaporation de l'eau, calculée à partir des courbes TG, est d'environ 10 kcal/mole dans l'intervalle de température compris entre 150 et 200°.
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![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) 200–700°, ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1073.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) , ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1099.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1103.gif) ![zcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1079.gif) ![yacy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1103.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![softcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1100.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) , ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![chcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) , ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) -![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![yacy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1103.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ycy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1099.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) . ![Tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1058.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![fcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) , ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ycy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1044.gif) ![Tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1058.gif) , ![zcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1079.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![shcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1096.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![fcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1092.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![zcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1079.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![yacy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) 3.7 + 0.6 ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) /![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) H2O ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) , ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) pH=7 ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) 12±1 ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) /![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) 2 ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![chcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1095.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![zcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1079.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) , ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1099.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ycy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1099.gif) ![shcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1096.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ldquo](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge8220.gif) ![khcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1093.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![fcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1092.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![chcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1095.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![jcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1081.gif) . ![Ecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1069.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![gcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1075.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tscy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1094.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) , ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![dcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1076.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![ncy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1085.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![icy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1080.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![ycy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1099.gif) ![Tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1058.gif) , ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![vcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1074.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![yacy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1103.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) 10 ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![kcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1082.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) /![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![ocy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1086.gif) ![bcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1073.gif) ![lcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1083.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![scy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1089.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![mcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1084.gif) ![pcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1087.gif) ![iecy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1077.gif) ![rcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1088.gif) ![acy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1072.gif) ![tcy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1090.gif) ![ucy](/content/h411v22378u4477v/xxlarge1091.gif) 150–200°.
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