理学与朱熹的史学思想

作为一个理学家,朱熹要建构自己的理学体系,离不开对人类社会历史的思考。在经史关系上,朱熹反对两种思想倾向,一是重经而弃史,二是重史而废经。他把历史研究当作格物穷理的手段,主张先悟透经书义理,然后再阅读史书,研究历史。其论历史人物,特别强调义理在历史人物身上的体现,兼顾“资质”和“本领”,坚持道德判断与事实判断相结合,重义理,亦重功业。从天理的角度出发,朱熹把史书编纂的目标定为明正统、正纲常,强调用书法义例来达到昭鉴戒和明人事的目的。

Confucian School of Idealist Philosophy and ZHU Xi's Thinking of Historical Science

As a Confucian scholar of idealist philosophy,ZHU Xi couldn't do without the thinking of the history of human society,in order to form his own system of Confucian school of idealist philosophy.In dealing with the relation between history and Confucian classics,ZHU Xi objected two thinking tendencies: one emphasizing classics and discarding history;one emphasizing history and discarding classics.He usually considered the historical research the means of studying nature and acquiring the truth.He held the belief that people should first completely understand the classics,righteousness and reason,then read historical books,and study the history,comment on historical personages.ZHU also emphasized the embodiment of righteousness and reason in the historical personage,gave consideration both to "intelligence" and to "capability",insisted on the combination of moral judgment and factual judgment,and insisted on the importance of righteousness and reason as well as the importance of achievements.Beginning with the angle of justice,ZHU Xi defined the aim of history edition as clarifying orthodox,rectifying the three cardinal guides and the five constant virtues, and he also emphasized the importance of writing rules and reasonable examples for the purpose of clarifying object lessons and human affairs.