Indirect Measurement of Biologically Important Compounds by Means of X-Ray Microanalysis

 The main objective of our work was to investigate the possibility and usefulness of indirect methods in X-ray microanalysis for the quantification of biologically important compounds. Metallothionein-like proteins (MT-like proteins) from kidney and liver, rich in sulfur were chosen as an indicator of heavy metal presence in cells and their environment. Tissues from goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio) were sampled after short and prolonged periods of exposure to Co⁺², CrO₄ ⁻², Pb⁺², Cu⁺² and control treatment and prepared for histochemical staining for peroxidated thiolate groups. Commonly used –S–S– bonds dye (Nitro Red) was replaced with iodine atoms and they were quantified at L line by means of X-ray microanalysis combined with SEM. After fish treatments with heavy metal solutions changes in MT-like proteins and in I atom contents were expected. There was statistically significant decrease in MT-like proteins level in kidney after lead treatment (Pb/C = 0.62). In liver a statistically significant increase in MT-like proteins concentration was observed after chromium, cobalt and lead ions treatment in comparison to control animals. The following ratios were noted: 3.04 for Cr/C, 2.18 for Co/C and 2.10 for Pb/C. Our finding indicates that the method of indirect measurement of MT-like proteins in fish and other animal tissues is possible. The concentration of iodine atoms is above their detection level by EDS and their changes are possible to identify. During histochemical procedures it is worth taking into account sample preparation methods which might disturb the quality and quantity of the analysed material.