Elemental imaging at the nanoscale: NanoSIMS and complementary techniques for element localisation in plants |
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Authors: | Moore Katie L Lombi Enzo Zhao Fang-Jie Grovenor Chris R M |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK;(2) Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Building X, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia;(3) Rothamsted Research, Harpenden Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK |
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Abstract: | The ability to locate and quantify elemental distributions in plants is crucial to understanding plant metabolisms, the mechanisms
of uptake and transport of minerals and how plants cope with toxic elements or elemental deficiencies. High-resolution secondary
ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is emerging as an important technique for the analysis of biological material at the subcellular
scale. This article reviews recent work using the CAMECA NanoSIMS to determine elemental distributions in plants. The NanoSIMS
is able to map elemental distributions at high resolution, down to 50 nm, and can detect very low concentrations (milligrams
per kilogram) for some elements. It is also capable of mapping almost all elements in the periodic table (from hydrogen to
uranium) and can distinguish between stable isotopes, which allows the design of tracer experiments. In this review, particular
focus is placed upon studying the same or similar specimens with both the NanoSIMS and a wide range of complementary techniques,
showing how the advantages of each technique can be combined to provide a fuller data set to address complex scientific questions.
Techniques covered include optical microscopy, synchrotron techniques, including X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopy,
transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, particle-induced X-ray emission and inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry. Some of the challenges associated with sample preparation of plant material for SIMS analysis, the artefacts
and limitations of the technique and future trends are also discussed. |
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