Determination of 2,3-dihydroxypropionamide, an oxidative metabolite of acrylamide, in human urine by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry |
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Authors: | Latzin Julia M Schindler Birgit K Weiss Tobias Angerer Jürgen Koch Holger M |
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Institution: | (1) Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr Universit?t Bochum (IPA), B?rkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany; |
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Abstract: | The general population is exposed to acrylamide (AA) mainly through food and tobacco smoke. AA is classified as probably carcinogenic
to humans. Glycidamide (GA), as the primary oxidative metabolite, was identified to be the ultimate genotoxic agent. This
warrants full investigation of the oxidative pathway in AA metabolism and the share of the oxidative compared to the reductive
pathway. 2,3-Dihydroxy-propionamide (OH-PA) as the direct hydrolysis product of GA has been shown to be a major urinary oxidative
metabolite in human AA metabolism. We developed an analytical method to reliably quantify OH-PA in urine by GC-MS after a
multistep procedure including “stripping” on a solid phase material, lyophilization, silylation and re-extraction. With a
detection limit of 1 μg/L, our method is sensitive enough to quantify OH-PA in all urine samples of the general population.
Within and between series precisions were between 1.9% and 8.2% and mean recoveries between 97% and 101%. We applied this
method to 30 urine samples from the general population. In all the samples, OH-PA was present in concentrations between 6.8
and 109.4 μg/L (median, 49.7 μg/L) with no difference between smokers and non-smokers. OH-PA concentrations were approximately
ten times higher than expected from the metabolism of AA via GA. Currently, we cannot confirm OH-PA to be a specific biomarker
of the oxidative pathway of AA metabolism. Other sources than AA respectively GA might need to be considered for the formation
of OH-PA. |
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