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Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode for Ciprofloxacin Determination in Pharmaceutical Formulations by Square Wave Voltammetry
Authors:Guilherme Figueira Alves  Thalles Pedrosa Lisboa  Lucas Vinícius de Faria  Davi Marques de Farias  Maria Auxiliadora Costa Matos  Renato Camargo Matos
Affiliation:NUPIS (Núcleo de Pesquisa em Instrumentação e Separações Analíticas), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
Abstract:In this work, a new electrochemical sensor based on pencil graphite with interesting features, such as low cost (US$ 0.01 per electrode), ease manufacture, and portability was developed. The sensor showed an adequate manufacturing reproducibility with RSD <5.3 %. Under this electrochemical platform, ciprofloxacin underwent an irreversible oxidation process at 1.03 V, characterized by the diffusion of electroactive species. A simple method by square wave voltammetry (SWV) has been optimized for the determination of ciprofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations using a pencil graphite electrode (PGE). The method showed satisfactory analytical performance, with a wide linear range (12 to 55 μmol L−1), low detection limit (5.6 μmol L−1), adequate precision (RSD <3.2 %), and accuracy with an average recovery of (102±15)%. Samples of pharmaceutical formulations were evaluated, obtaining levels of ciprofloxacin close to those established by the manufacturers. In addition, the samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography and there was no significant difference between the methods at the 95 % confidence level. In this sense, the method developed proved to be reliable and promising for the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations.
Keywords:Ciprofloxacin  pencil graphite electrode  square wave voltammetry  pharmaceutical formulations.
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