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Accuracy of electrospun fiber diameters: The importance of sampling and person-to-person variation

Affiliation:	1. Fiber and Polymer Science Program, Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;2. Statistics Ph.D. Program, Department of Statistics, College of Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;3. Textile Chemistry Program, Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA;1. Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Lodz, Poland;2. Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), University of Mons (UMONS) & Materia Nova Materials R&D Center, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium;3. Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Z.A.E. Robert Steichen, 5 rue Bommel, L-4940 Hautcharage, Luxembourg;1. College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China;2. Institute of Rheological Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China;1. Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam;2. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam;3. Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam;4. Department of Environmental Energy & Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 442-760, South Korea;5. Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 10000 Viet Nam;6. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Viet Nam;7. Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea;1. Chair of Applied Mechanics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;2. Institute of Polymer Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

Abstract:	Potential sampling errors (regional variation) on an electrospun mat were explored and person-to-person (analyst affect) variation in image analysis of the fiber diameter were investigated via detailed statistical analyses. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) samples were prepared from the vertical midline of a single non-woven mat of electrospun polyethylene oxide. Thirteen analysts with identical training and instructions measured the diameters of the nanofibers from the six SEM images and statistical analyses were performed on the resulting data. The fiber diameters were significantly different in the lower region than the upper and center regions. Furthermore, the fiber diameters in the lower region—from micrographs taken only millimeters apart—were statistically different demonstrating a statistically significant regional variation in the sample. Furthermore, statistically significant variation between the analysts also was observed, with the average fiber diameter ranging from 166 nm to 276 nm.

Keywords:	Analyst effect Electrospinning Electrostatic spinning Fiber diameter Image analysis ImageJ Nanofibers Regional effect Sampling
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