Catalytic asymmetric cyano-ethoxycarbonylation reaction of aldehydes using a YLi3 tris(binaphthoxide) (YLB) complex: mechanism and roles of achiral additives

Full details of a catalytic asymmetric cyano-ethoxycarbonylation reaction promoted by a heterobimetallic YLi3 tris(binaphthoxide) complex (YLB 1), especially mechanistic studies, are described. In the cyanation reaction of aldehydes with ethyl cyanoformate, three achiral additives, H2O, tris(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)phosphine oxide (3a), and BuLi, were required to achieve high reactivity and enantioselectivity (up to >99% yield and up to 98% ee). The roles of achiral additives and the reaction pathway were investigated in detail. In situ IR analysis revealed that the initiation step to generate LiCN from H2O, BuLi, and ethyl cyanoformate is rather slow. On the basis of mechanistic studies of the initiation step to generate an active nucleophilic species, reaction conditions were optimized by using a catalytic amount of acetone cyanohydrin as an initiator. Under the optimized conditions, the induction period decreased and the reaction completed within 9 min using 5 mol % YLB at -78 degrees C. Catalyst loading was successfully reduced to 1 mol %. Kinetic experiments and evaluation of the substituent effects of phosphine oxide revealed that phosphine oxide had beneficial effects on both the reaction rate and the enantioselectivity. The putative active species as well as the catalytic cycle of the reaction are also discussed.