Diverse stereocontrol effects induced by weakly coordinating anions. Stereospecific olefin polymerization pathways at archetypal C(s)- and C(1)-symmetric metallocenium catalysts using mono- and polynuclear halo-perfluoroarylmetalates as cocatalysts

Counteranion effects on propylene polymerization rates and stereoselectivities are compared using Cs-symmetric Me2C(Cp)(Flu)ZrMe2 (1; Cp = C5H4,eta5-cyclopentadienyl; Flu = C13H8, eta5-fluorenyl) and C1-symmetric Me2Si(OHF)(CpR*)ZrMe2 (2; OHF = C13H16, eta5-octahydrofluorenyl; CpR* = eta5-3-(-)-menthylcyclopentadienyl) precatalysts activated with the mononuclear and polynuclear perfluoroarylborate, -aluminate, and -gallate cocatalysts/activators B(C6F5)3 (3), B(o-C6F5C6F4)3 (4), Al(C6F5)3 (5), Ph3C+B(C6F5)4- (6) Ph3C+FAl(o-C6F5C6F4)3- (7), Ga(C6F5)3 (8), and recently reported mono- and polymetallic trityl perfluoroarylhalometalates Ph3C+FB(C6F5)3- (9), Ph3C+FB(o-C6F5C6F4)3- (10), (Ph3C+)xFxAl(C6F5)3]yx- (x = 1, y = 1, 11; x = 1, y = 2, 12; x = 2, y = 3, 13), Ph3C+(C6F5)3AlFAl(o-C6F5C6F4)3- (14), Ph3C+XAl(C6F5)3- (X = Cl, 15; X = Br, 16), and Ph3C+FGa(C6F5)3]2- (17). Temperature, propylene concentration, and solvent polarity dependence are surveyed in polymerizations catalyzed by 1 activated with cocatalysts 3-16 and with a 1:2 ratio of Ph3CCl and 5, and with a 1:2 ratio of Ph3CBr and 5, and by 2 activated with 3, 6, 7, 12, and 14. Remarkable stereocontrol with high activities is observed for 1 + 12 and 1 + 14. Polypropylene samples produced using C1-symmetric precatalyst 2 are subjected to microstructural analyses using stochastic models describing the relative contributions of enantiofacial misinsertion and backskip processes. A powerful technique is introduced for calculating interparametric correlation matrices for these nonlinear stochastic models. The collected results significantly extend what is known about ion-pairing effects in the case of Cs-symmetric precatalyst 1 and allow these findings to be applied to the case of C1-symmetric precatalyst 2 as an agent of isospecific propylene polymerization.