A novel cloud point extraction approach using cationic surfactant for the separation and pre-concentration of chromium species in natural water prior to ICP-DRC-MS determination

A novel cloud point phase separation of cationic surfactant, Aliquat-336 and capabilities of its reactive solubilizing sites for selective extraction of chromium species at ultra trace levels was examined in natural water. The phase separation behavior of Aliquat-336 is studied with various additives. The nonionic surfactant, Triton X-114 was found to induce the cloud point phase separation of Aliquat-336. The separation of anionic Cr(VI) was enabled by the formation of ion associate with quaternary ammonium head group of Aliquat-336 at pH 2, and the recovery of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were 101.4 ± 1.4% and 2.2 ± 0.4%, respectively at 0.5-1 ng mL⁻¹, Total Cr was pre-concentrated as Cr-APDC species using the hydrophobic tail group at pH 6.5. The Cr(III) concentration was obtained by subtracting Cr(VI) from total Cr. The recovery of total Cr was 99.5 ± 1.2%. Parameters affecting extraction were assessed. The procedure was applied to NIST 1643c and NIST 1643d waters, and the sum of individual species obtained was compared with the certified chromium values. The method was also applied to various natural waters with limits of detection and pre-concentration factor of 0.010 and 0.025 ng mL⁻¹; 10 and 10, respectively, for Cr(VI) and Cr(III)-APDC using ICP-MS operated in DRC mode.