Cellulose nanofibre enabled natural rubber composites: Microstructure,curing behaviour and dynamic mechanical properties |
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| Affiliation: | 1. The State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering of China (South China University of Technology), Guangzhou 510640, China;2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China;3. The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, China (South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, 510640, China;4. School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China;1. Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Polymer Research Center (PORCE), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya;3. Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France;4. CNRS, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France;1. College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China;2. Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, 214-8571, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Traditional rubber industries rely heavily on petroleum-based materials, such as carbon black (CB). The present study aims at mitigating the environmental challenges, through partial replacement of CB, while simultaneously consuming an easily accessible agricultural waste. Accordingly, cellulose nanofibre (CNF) was extracted from wheat-straw using chemo-mechanical process, which in-turn was used for fabrication of CNF enabled rubber nanocomposites. Microstructural observation of CNF confirmed nanometric defibrillation of cellulose. A variety of tests were performed on the nanocomposites towards exploring their structure-property correlations, curing-behaviour, thermal degradability and mechanical (static and dynamic) properties. Overall, considerable enhancement in properties such as tensile strength and strain energy density could be realized, owing to synergistic use of CNF and CB in rubber, allowing for replacement of up to 15 phr CB. These were further augmented by significant improvements in dynamic rolling-resistance, traction and stress-softening behaviour. The results were especially significant, considering that the improvements could be achieved without any modification of CNF surface, thereby establishing its potential for development of environment friendly rubber nanocomposites. |
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| Keywords: | Cellulose nanofibre (CNF) Nanocomposites Natural rubber Structure-property correlation Dynamic mechanical properties Curing behaviour |
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