论经济学的非历史性—重读马克思《哲学的贫困》

对《资本论》的性质和方法的研究，在今天仍是马克思研究领域中一个基本而重要的课题，这是因为，在《资本论》中展开的学说，对于分析和洞察当代资本主义的经济现象、趋势和危机，仍然具有非常深刻的启发和指导意义。《资本论》对于资本主义研究具有不可取代的作用，《哲学的贫困》的思想内容可看作整个《资本论》学说的一个导言。《资本论》学说是马克思运用感性辩证法所建构的一门历史科学。其关于具有批判和革命性质的历史科学的思想，以及对经济学的非历史性的批判，早在1847年的《哲学的贫困》中就得到了阐发。

On the Non-Historical Nature of Economics

It is still a fundamental subject to study the nature and the methodology of Capital in the field of Marxist studies today. This is because that the theory elucidated in Capital still has a very deepening significance of revelation and guidance for analyzing and examining the economical phenomena, its trends and its crisis of contemporary capitalism. Such significance could not be seen in any other kind of economical theory. This thesis tries to explain the cause of a non-fungible function of Capital for the studies of capitalism. This explanation is carried out by a comparison between the theory of Capital and economics, and its classical basis is The Poverty of Philosophy by Marx, published in 1847. The idea of The Poverty of Philosophy could be taken as an introduction to the whole theory in Capital. The comparative study of this thesis on the theory of Capital and economics is followed in three aspects: (A) The distinction between the object of economics and the object of Capital. (B) The distinction between their methodologies. (C) The distinction of their scientific nature. The key for all comparisons lies at elucidating that the theory of Capital is a science of history constructed by Marx in using perceptual dialectics.