语言、考古和遗传学多学科视角下的印欧语系起源与扩散

印欧语的起源与扩散研究从首次提出至今已走过了近百年的历程，当前学术界主要集中于库尔干假说和安纳托利亚假说，对于印欧语的起源及扩散路径，国内外研究丰富且说法庞杂，目前尚未达成共识。本文从考古学、语言学和遗传学多角度出发，梳理了有关印欧语系起源和扩散问题的主要假说，评述和对比了各学科学者的研究成果及其局限性。综合多学科证据，我们推断印欧语起源于高加索山南部地区到安纳托利亚一带，经由东欧早期的农业人群传入东欧大草原，尔后经由以颜那亚文化为代表的青铜时代早中期的东欧草原游牧人群传播至欧洲、中国西北（吐火罗语）和南亚。

The Origin and Dispersal of Indo-European Languages from the Perspectives of Linguistics,Archeology and Genetics

The research on the origin and dispersal of Indo-European languages has gone through nearly a hundred years since it was first proposed. At present, the academic circles mainly focus on the Kurgan hypothesis and Anatolian hypothesis. The research on this topic is abundant yet complex at home and abroad.There is no consensus on its controversial origin and diffusion path. This paper reviews the main hypotheses on the origin and diffusion of Indo-European languages, and compares the research achievements and limitations of scholars from the perspectives of archaeology, linguistics and genetics. We infer the Indo-European languages originated in a region from the south of the Caucasus Mountains to Anatolia, then spread to the Eastern Steppe by early European farmers, and the nomads associated with Yamnaya culture in the Eastern Steppe in early and middle Bronze Age spread the languages to Europe, Northwest China (Tocharian) and South Asia.