从革命到改良：整顿《解放与改造》与“梁启超系”的渐进取向

《解放与改造》由张东荪在1919年创办，在五四时期风行一时，影响极大。刊名中“解放”的涵义本有整体性、对抗性的破坏倾向，故杂志对西方现代文明、中国传统文明、现有政权均取革命立场，倡导在“解放”一切现状基础上进行改造。同时，以讨论、宣传社会主义为职责，高谈主义而不重具体问题之研究、解决。然而，1920年梁启超、蒋百里等欧游归国，接收并整顿《解放与改造》，更名《改造》，扭转了此前由张东荪主导的革命倾向：舍弃“解放”中所带有的破坏性的战斗精神，对中国传统文明与西方现代文明均取渐进改造方式；同时，不再以社会主义为倡导，从原先的高谈主义，转为研究具体的问题。在思想界整体逐渐走向革命的潮流中，“梁启超系”却通过整顿《改造》，从革命回归改良，成为激进时代的渐进者。

From Revolution to Reform: Reorganizing The Emancipation and Reconstruction Semi-monthly and the Progressive Orientation of the Liang Qichao School

Founded by Zhang Dongsun in 1919, The Emancipation and Reconstruction Semi-monthly was popular and influential during the May 4th Movement. Emancipation, as in the title of the journal, pointed to holistic and confrontational destruction, and therefore the journal took a revolutionary stand against modern Western civilization, traditional Chinese civilization and existing regimes, advocating complete transformation on the basis of “emancipation” from status quo. At the meantime, with a mandate to discuss and promote socialism, the journal was preoccupied with doctrines rather than the study and solving of real problems. However, upon returning from Europe in 1920, Liang Qichao and Jiang Baili among others took over and reorganized The Emancipation and Reconstruction, and renamed it The Reconstruction. To reverse the revolutionary tendency under Zhang Dongsun, the journal abandoned the destructive and bellicose spirit of “emancipation” and adopted a progressive method of transformation towards both traditional Chinese civilization and modern Western civilization. Meanwhile, the journal took a shift from the original promotion of socialist doctrines to the study of concrete social issues. While intellectuals as a whole were gradually moving toward revolution, the Liang Qichao School, by overhauling The Reconstruction, returned from revolution to reform and became progressivist in an era of radicalism.