A study on the kinetics of condensation reaction of phenol‐modified cardanol–formaldehyde resin

Phenol‐modified cardanol–formaldehyde novolac resins have been synthesized using equal proportions of phenol and cardanol. To this mixture of phenol and cardanol, 0.6 and 0.8 mol of formaldehyde were added separately, under acidic conditions, at five different temperatures ranging between 80 and 120°C with an interval of 10°C. This was carried out for a maximum period of 6 h. The free formaldehyde and free phenol contents were determined at regular time intervals to check the completion of the reaction. The synthesized novolacs have been studied by infrared spectroscopic analysis (FT‐IR). The reaction between cardanol, phenol, and formaldehyde was found to follow a second‐order rate kinetics. The overall rate constant (k) increased with the increase of temperature. Based on the value of rate constants, various other parameters such as activation energy (E_a), change in enthalpy (Δ H) and entropy (Δ S), and free energy change (Δ G) of the reaction were also evaluated. It was found that the condensation reaction of phenol and cardanol with formaldehyde was nonspontaneous and irreversible. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 380–389, 2010