The effects of strontium on bone mineral: A review on current knowledge and microanalytical approaches |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;2. Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil;1. Laboratory of Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany;2. Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, Germany;3. Department of Experimental Radiology, University Hospital Giessen-Marburg GmbH, Campus Giessen, Germany;4. Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany;5. Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technologies and Advanced Materials IFAM, Branch Lab Dresden, Winterbergstraße 28, 01277, Germany;6. Institute of Scientific Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 12-14, 01069, Dresden, Germany;1. Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Avenue de l''Hôpital, 1, B23 Sart Tilman, 4020 Liège, Belgium;2. Bone and Cartilage Metabolism Unit, CHU Centre Ville, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium;1. Othopeadic Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China;2. Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA;3. Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA;4. Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur Col. Tecnológico, CP 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico;5. Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA;6. The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, School of Materials and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China;7. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA;8. Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;9. Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia;1. Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Science, Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;2. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China |
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| Abstract: | The interest in effects of strontium (Sr) on bone has greatly increased in the last decade due to the development of the promising drug strontium ranelate. This drug is used for treating osteoporosis, a major bone disease affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide, especially postmenopausal women. The novelty of strontium ranelate compared to other treatments for osteoporosis is its unique effect on bone: it simultaneously promotes bone formation by osteoblasts and inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts. Besides affecting bone cells, treatment with strontium ranelate also has a direct effect on the mineralized bone matrix. Due to the chemical similarities between Sr and Ca, a topic that has long been of particular interest is the incorporation of Sr into bones replacing Ca from the mineral phase, which is composed by carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. Several groups have analyzed the mineral produced during treatment; however, most analysis were done with relatively large samples containing numerous nanocrystals, resulting thus on data that represents an average of many crystalline domains. The nanoscale analysis of the bone apatite crystals containing Sr has only been described in a few studies. In this study, we review the current knowledge on the effects of Sr on bone mineral and discuss the methodological approaches that have been used in the field. In particular, we focus on the great potential that advanced microscopy and microanalytical techniques may have on the detailed analysis of the nanostructure and composition of bone apatite nanocrystals produced during treatment with strontium ranelate. |
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| Keywords: | Bone mineral Strontium ranelate Analytical microscopy Nanoscale analysis EELS Biomineralization |
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