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Type I and Type II Photosensitized Oxidation Reactions: Guidelines and Mechanistic Pathways
Authors:Maurício S Baptista  Jean Cadet  Paolo Di Mascio  Ashwini A Ghogare  Alexander Greer  Michael R Hamblin  Carolina Lorente  Silvia Cristina Nunez  Martha Simões Ribeiro  Andrés H Thomas  Mariana Vignoni  Tania Mateus Yoshimura
Institution:1. Instituto de Química, Universidade de S?o Paulo, S?o Paulo, Brazil;2. Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada;3. Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY;4. Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY;5. Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;6. Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;7. Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA;8. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata‐CONICET, La Plata, Argentina;9. Bioengineering Department, Unicastelo, Sao Paulo, Brazil;10. Centro de Lasers e Aplica??es, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN‐CNEN/SP, S?o Paulo, Brazil
Abstract:Here, 10 guidelines are presented for a standardized definition of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation reactions. Because of varied notions of reactions mediated by photosensitizers, a checklist of recommendations is provided for their definitions. Type I and type II photoreactions are oxygen‐dependent and involve unstable species such as the initial formation of radical cation or neutral radicals from the substrates and/or singlet oxygen (1O2 1?g) by energy transfer to molecular oxygen. In addition, superoxide anion radical (urn:x-wiley:00318655:media:php12716:php12716-math-0001) can be generated by a charge‐transfer reaction involving O2 or more likely indirectly as the result of O2‐mediated oxidation of the radical anion of type I photosensitizers. In subsequent reactions, urn:x-wiley:00318655:media:php12716:php12716-math-0002 may add and/or reduce a few highly oxidizing radicals that arise from the deprotonation of the radical cations of key biological targets. urn:x-wiley:00318655:media:php12716:php12716-math-0003 can also undergo dismutation into H2O2, the precursor of the highly reactive hydroxyl radical (urn:x-wiley:00318655:media:php12716:php12716-math-0004) that may induce delayed oxidation reactions in cells. In the second part, several examples of type I and type II photosensitized oxidation reactions are provided to illustrate the complexity and the diversity of the degradation pathways of mostly relevant biomolecules upon one‐electron oxidation and singlet oxygen reactions.
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