Determination of alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in sewage sludge: effect of sample pre-treatment |
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Authors: | María Fernández-Sanjuan Anna Rigol Angels Sahuquillo Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz Silvia Lacorte |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;(2) Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;(3) Present address: Department of Environmental Chemistry and Geochemistry, IRNASA-CSIC, Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain |
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Abstract: | A complete characterization of sewage sludge collected from five biological waste water treatment plants was done to determine
physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals and alkylphenols, making special emphasis on sampling, homogenization, and sample
pre-treatment. Ultrasonic extraction followed by gas chromatrography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the
effect of sample pre-treatment (untreated sample, freeze-drying, drying at 40 °C or drying at 100 °C) on the concentration
of octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol ethoxylates (NP1EO, NP2EO). Untreated samples and samples dried at 100 oC gave concentration levels up to 62% and 89% lower, respectively, than freeze-dried
samples. In 50% of cases, freeze-dried samples led to significantly higher concentrations than those obtained by drying at
40 °C. Thus, freeze-drying is the recommended sample pre-treatment to prevent possible losses of OP, NP, and NP1EO. Using this methodology, concentrations detected were from 3.2 to 199 mg kg−1 being NP followed by NP1EO found in highest concentration. The total concentration of NP and NP1EO exceeded the limit of 50 mg kg−1 proposed by the draft European directive on sewage sludge in three out of five samples studied. Contrarily, heavy metals
were below the legislated values. |
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Keywords: | Alkylphenols Heavy metals Gas chromatography– mass spectrometry Sewage sludge Drying |
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