Coalescence of bubbles covered by particles

The interaction between two bubbles coated with glass particles in the presence of a cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) was studied experimentally. The time taken for two bubbles to coalesce was determined as a function of the fractional coverage of the surface by particles. The results suggested that the coalescence time increases with the bubble surface coverage. Interestingly, it was found that although the particles did not have any physical role in film rupture at low surface coverage, they still added resistance to film drainage. For particle-loaded bubbles, the initial resistance was due to the lateral capillary interactions between particles on the interface, which hold the particles firmly together. The coalescence dynamics of bubbles was also observed to be affected by the presence of attached particles.