Application of experimental design for investigating the determination of titanium in glass ceramics by flame atomic absorption spectrometry |
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| Institution: | 1. Chemical Engineering Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Longtan, Taoyuan, Taiwan;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;3. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;4. National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan;1. School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile;2. Bioprocess Engineering and Applied Biocatalysis Group, Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain;1. CPEPA, Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, India;2. CPEPA, Department of Physics, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, India;1. Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer Centre, Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 108 Respublikanskaya St., Yaroslavl 150000, Russian Federation;2. Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetsky Pr, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation;3. Magnetic Resonance Research Centre, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetsky Pr, Peterhof, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russian Federation;1. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt;3. Department of Physics, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam, Kerala, India;4. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt;5. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, India;6. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Trg D. Obradovića 4, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;7. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg D. Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;1. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India;2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India |
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| Abstract: | Interferences of the matrix elements of glass ceramics (Al, Mg, Na and Si) on the titanium signal obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry with a nitrous oxide/acetylene flame were studied by means of experimental design. Quadratic polynomials were chosen as the model; full factorial designs with two, three and four variables at three levels were applied. As expected, aluminium increased the titanium signal, while magnesium reduced it. All the investigated elements interfered nonadditively with the titanium signal; the standard addition method therefore does not provide accurate results. Graphic evaluation of the empirical response surfaces was used to establish optimum conditions for titanium; these surfaces were compared with the polynomial surfaces to check the models. The results obtained on interactions in the system are used with some thermodynamic data to estimate the nature of the compounds formed in the flame. The strong interferences on the titanium signal requires fairly close matrix matching between the standard and sample solutions. The proposed method allows the determination of 3–6% Ti in glass ceramics with a relative standard deviation of 1%. |
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