Quantum electrodynamics as a supersymmetric theory of Loops |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Center for Theoretical Physics, Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA;2. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA;1. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands;2. Nikhef Theory Group, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands;3. Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;4. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, VA 23606, USA;5. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA;6. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;7. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Univ., Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia;8. Università di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy;9. INFN - Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy;10. INFN - Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy;11. INFN - Sezione di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy;12. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;13. Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;14. University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;15. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;p. A. Alikhanian National Science Laboratory, Armenia;q. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA;r. IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;s. Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;t. Università di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy;u. INFN - Sezione di Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy;v. INFN - Sezione di Ferrara, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy;w. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;x. INFN - Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy;y. Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu 610005, India;z. Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA;11. The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA;12. Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;13. RIKEN BNL Research Center - Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA;14. CFNS, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;15. Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;16. University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, the Netherlands;17. MNIT Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India;18. Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1053 CABA, Argentina;19. Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy;110. INFN - Sezione di Trieste, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;111. Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaiso, Chile;112. Politecnico di Torino, I-10129 Torino, Italy;113. Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia;114. Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland;115. ECT*, I-38123 Villazzano (Trento), Italy;1p. Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy;1q. INFN - TIFPA, I-38123 Povo (Trento), Italy;1r. Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China;1s. INFN - Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy;1t. CNR-ISTP Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy;1u. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, I-00161 Roma, Italy;1v. Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77705, USA;1w. Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy;1x. Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA;1y. Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;1z. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 36 01000 Ciudad de México, Mexico;21. Università di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy;22. INFN - Sezione di Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy;23. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India;24. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;25. University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada;26. University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;27. INFN - LNF, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy;28. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;29. Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;210. Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, China;211. Baruch College - The City University of New York, New York City, NY 10010, USA;212. Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS - IJCLab, F-91406 Orsay, France;213. Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain;214. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;215. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;2p. Charles University, 116 36 Prague 1, Czech Republic;2q. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;2r. Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 12.228-900 São José dos Campos, Brazil;2s. Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;2t. INFN - Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;2u. Penn State Univ.-Berks, Reading, PA 19610, USA;2v. University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom;2w. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;2x. University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;2y. The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;2z. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA;31. Universidade Federal de Pelotas, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil;32. University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;33. RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;34. INFN - Sezione di Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy;35. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Russia;36. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA;37. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA;38. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA;39. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA;310. Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China;311. University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada;312. University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;313. Czech Technical University, 115 19 Prague 1, Czech Republic;314. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany;315. Virginia Union University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;3p. Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;3q. University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;3r. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;3s. AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;3t. Universidad Andres Bello, Sazié 2212, Piso 7, Santiago, Chile;3u. KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan;3v. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;3w. Akal University, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab 151302, India;3x. Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;3y. University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;3z. Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland;41. University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;42. Helsinki Institute of Physics, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;43. South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;44. Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;45. The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA;46. Università di Bari, I-70121 Bari, Italy;47. Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;48. CNRS - CPHT, École Polytechnique, I.P. Paris, F-91120 Palaiseau, France;49. Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China;410. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;411. Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;412. University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA 30597, USA;413. Università di Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy;414. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;415. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;4p. Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;4q. NRC “Kurchatov Institute” - IHEP, Protvino, Moscow region 142280, Russia;4r. National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia;4s. Jagiellonian University, PL-31007 Krakow, Poland;4t. University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;4u. University of Edinburgh, JCMB, KB, Edinburgh EH9 3FD United Kingdom;4v. INFN - LNS, I-95123 Catania, Italy;4w. INFN - CNAF, I-40127 Bologna, Italy;4x. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;4y. Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA 17003, USA;4z. IIT Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India;51. Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China;52. University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Bilbao, Spain;53. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain;54. GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany;55. Universidad Pablo de Olavide, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain;56. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India;57. University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;58. University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;59. Johannes Gutenberg Universität, D-55122 Mainz, Germany;510. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;511. National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;512. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA;513. Università di Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy;514. INFN - Sezione di Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy;515. Universitaet Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany;5p. Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China;5q. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230052, China;5r. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China;5s. Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China;5t. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, China;5u. China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China;1. Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 66318, 05315-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;2. Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil;3. Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Caixa Postal 5008, 58051-970, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | It is shown that the Wilson loop is not a renormalizable operator even in free QED. A modification is suggested and proven to be renormalizable. Feynman's worldline formulation of QED is generalized to include spinning particles and matter loops, using this modified Wilson loop. QED formulated this way is shown to have a supersymmetry. A superfield formalism is found that describes it. QED is rewritten as a second quantized field theory of loop functionals. |
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